Tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett con displasia de bajo y alto grado / Endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with low- and high-grade dysplasia

RESUMEN Introducción: El esófago de Barrett es una condición esofágica adquirida, que puede evolucionar a un adenocarcinoma. Con el paso de los años, la terapia endoscópica ha remplazado la cirugía en el tratamiento de esta afección. Objetivos: Mostrar los resultados de la aplicación de la técnica de resección endoscópica de la mucosa y la ablación con Hibrid-APC en pacientes portadores de esófago de Barrett con displasia de bajo o alto grado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en 29 pacientes entre los años 2014-2019, en el Servicio de endoscopias del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, se estableció la clasificación endoscópica del esófago de Barrett, se describieron las características de la lesión, el diagnóstico histológico, la terapéutica endoscópica, la presencia de complicaciones, la resección incompleta y recidiva. Se aplicaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva y métodos no paramétricos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (58,62 %) y el grupo de 41-60 años (58,62 %). El segmento corto con lesiones planas y el largo con lesiones elevadas fueron más frecuentes (37,93 %). Se realizaron 15 resecciones y 14 ablaciones con Hibrid-APC; se observó una estenosis como complicación de la resección endoscópica de la mucosa y recidivas con ambas técnicas (5 pacientes, 17 %), tres relacionadas con la resección y dos con el Hibrid-APC. El Hibrid-APC alcanzó una efectividad terapéutica del 85,71 % y la resección del 80 %. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico con displasia de bajo y alto grado, mostró ser un procedimiento efectivo y seguro, con bajo porciento de complicaciones y recidivas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Barrett's esophagus is an acquired esophageal condition that can evolve into an adenocarcinoma. Over the years, endoscopic therapy has replaced surgery in the treatment of this condition. Objectives: to show the results of the application of the endoscopic mucosal resection and Hybrid-APC ablation technique in patients with Barrett's esophagus with low-grade or high-grade dysplasia. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in 29 patients between 2014 and 2019, in the Endoscopy service of the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery. Social and demographic variables were studied; endoscopic classification of Barrett's esophagus was established, as well as the characteristics of the lesion, histological diagnosis, endoscopic therapy, the presence of complications, incomplete resection and recurrence were described. Descriptive statistics techniques and non-parametric methods were applied. Results: male gender (58.62%) and the group aged 41-60 years (58.62%) predominated. The short segment with flat lesions and the long segment with raised lesions were more frequent (37.93%). A number of 15 resections and 14 ablations were performed with Hybrid-APC; one stricture was observed as a complication of endoscopic mucosal resection and recurrences with both techniques (5 patients, 17%), three related to resection and two to Hybrid-APC. The Hybrid-APC achieved a therapeutic effectiveness of 85.71% and the resection one of 80%. Conclusions: endoscopic treatment with low- and high-grade dysplasia proved to be an effective and safe procedure, with a low percentage of complications and recurrences.

Caracterización de los trastornos manométricos esofágicos en pacientes con enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico refractario con síntomas esofágicos / Characterization of esophageal motility disorders in refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with esophageal symptoms

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) refractaria puede conducir a complicaciones potenciales como la esofagitis persistente, estenosis esofágica, anillo de Schatzki y esófago de Barrett. Este estudio describe la motilidad en pacientes con ERGE refractaria y su relación con síntomas esofágicos. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico a partir de una cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes con diagnóstico de ERGE refractaria y síntomas esofágicos a quienes se les realizó manometría esofágica de alta resolución más impedanciometría. Se describen las características clínicas y demográficas, y la asociación entre los trastornos manométricos y los síntomas esofágicos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 133 pacientes (edad promedio: 54,1 ± 12,5 años). La pirosis y regurgitación (69,2 %) y la disfagia esofágica (13,5 %) fueron los síntomas más comunes. La motilidad normal (75,2 %), el aclaramiento completo del bolo (75,2 %) y la motilidad esofágica inefectiva (MEI) (18 %) fueron los hallazgos manométricos más frecuentes. La unión gastroesofágica tipos II y IIIb estuvieron presentes en el 35,3% y 33,8 % de los casos, respectivamente. La aperistalsis (3,8 %) y el esófago en martillo neumático (Jackhammer; 0,8 %) fueron infrecuentes. El aclaramiento incompleto del bolo se asoció con disfagia esofágica (p = 0,038) y a MEI (p = 0,008). Ningún síntoma esofágico se relacionó significativamente con trastornos de motilidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren que los trastornos de motilidad son infrecuentes en los pacientes con ERGE refractaria. Adicionalmente, sugieren que la presencia de alteraciones de motilidad esofágica no se relaciona con la presencia de síntomas esofágicos y, por tanto, que el tipo de síntoma presentado no permite predecir la existencia de dichos trastornos.

Abstract Introduction: Refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can lead to potential complications such as persistent esophagitis, esophageal stricture, Schatzki ring, and Barrett's esophagus. This study describes motility in patients with refractory GERD, and its association with esophageal symptoms. Materials and methods: An analytical observational study was carried out in a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with refractory GERD and esophageal symptoms who underwent high-resolution esophageal manometry and impedance testing. Clinical characteristics, demographics, and the association between motility disorders and esophageal symptoms are described. Results: 133 patients were included (mean age 54.1 ± 12.5 years). Heartburn and regurgitation (69.2%), and esophageal dysphagia (13.5%) were the most common symptoms. Normal motility (75.2%), complete bolus clearance (75.2%), and ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) (18%) were the most frequent manometric findings. Type II and IIIb gastroesophageal junction were observed in 35.3% and 33.8% of the cases, respectively. Esophageal aperistalsis (3.8%) and Jackhammer esophagus (0.8%) were rare findings. Incomplete bolus clearance was associated with esophageal dysphagia (p=0.038) and IEM (p=0.008). No esophageal symptoms were significantly related to motility disorders. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that motility disorders are rare in patients with refractory GERD. They also suggest that esophageal motility disorders are not associated with the presence of esophageal symptoms and, therefore, the type of symptom experienced does not allow predicting the existence of such disorders.

Caracterización clínica, epidemiológica y anatómica del cáncer de esófago / Clinical, Epidemiological and Anatomical Characterization of Esophagus Cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de esófago es una enfermedad muy frecuente con tasas de supervivencia desalentadoras, debido a su naturaleza extremadamente agresiva. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica, epidemiológica y anatómicamente a los pacientes con cáncer de esófago. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de casos clínicos que acudieron al servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso, en el período comprendido entre junio -noviembre del año 2018. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por el total de los pacientes de ambos sexos cuya cifra ascendió a 35. Resultados: El grupo de edad que predominó en ambos sexos fue el de 70 años y más, con 37,1 por ciento entre los hombres y 17,1 por ciento en las mujeres. Los hombres fueron los más afectados (68,6 por ciento). La localización anatómica que prevaleció fue a nivel del tercio inferior en un 37,1 por ciento entre los hombres y un 17,1 por ciento entre las féminas. El 57,1 por ciento resultó encontrarse bajo peso, en su mayoría presentaron el esófago de Barret como antecedente patológico personal, acompañado de odinofagia en el 88,6 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El estudio permitió caracterizar a los pacientes con cáncer de esófago según variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y anatómicas. Aparece con mayor frecuencia en las últimas décadas de la vida y en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, se localiza con mayor frecuencia en el tercio inferior y asociados a antecedentes patológicos personales(AU)

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is a very frequent disease. Due to its extremely aggressive nature, it presents poor survival rates. Objective: To characterize clinically, epidemiologically and anatomically patients with esophageal cancer. Method: A descriptive study was carried out with clinical cases that attended the gastroenterology service at Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Hospital, in the period between June and November 2018. The study population was made up of the total number of patients of both sexes, whose number amounted to 35. Results: The age group that predominated in both sexes was 70 years and over, accounting for 37.1 percent among men and for 17.1 percent among women. Men were the most affected (68.6 percent). The anatomical location that prevailed was the level of the lower third, accounting for 37.1 percent among men and for 17.1 percent among women. 57.1 percent turned out to be underweight; most of them presented Barrett esophagus as a personal pathological history, accompanied by odynophagia in 88.6 percent of the patients. Conclusions: The study allowed characterizing patients with esophageal cancer according to clinical, epidemiological and anatomical variables. It appears more frequently in the last decades of life and in advanced stages of the disease. It is most frequently located in the lower third and associated with a personal pathological history(AU)

Coincidencia de hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos en el diagnóstico de esófago de Barrett / Coincidence of endoscopic and histological findings in the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus

Introducción: el esófago de Barrett es una alteración en la cual la mucosa esofágica se transforma desde un epitelio escamoso a un epitelio columnar con metaplasia intestinal. Endoscópicamente esta lesión se corresponde con la presencia de una mucosa columnar de color rojo salmón por encima de la unión gatroesofágica. Para su diagnóstico se requiere de la sospecha endoscópica y la confirmación histológica. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de coincidencia entre los diagnósticos endoscópicos y las características histopatológicas del esófago de Barrett, a partir del análisis de una serie de casos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán" de La Habana, Cuba entre enero de 2017 a junio de 2019, obteniéndose los datos de los registros de biopsias e historias clínicas. Se realizaron cálculos de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y, para evaluar la fuerza de coincidencia entre endoscopia e histología, se utilizó el estadístico Chi cuadrado. Resultados: en los 67 casos con diagnóstico endoscópico la coincidencia con histopatológica fue del 44,8%, en el restante 55,2% de los pacientes las lesiones diagnosticadas fue esofagitis crónica (p = 0,005). Conclusiones: el esófago de Barrett es una de las entidades clínicas con una epidemiología de alta variabilidad y su diagnóstico endos-cópicos requiere de la confirmación histológica ya que existe una baja coincidencia entre el diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico del EB el cual es el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico de EB.

Background: Barrett's oesophagus is an alteration in which the oesophagal mucosa is transformed from squamous epithelium to co-lumnar epithelium with intestinal metaplasia. Endoscopically this lesion corresponds to the presence of a salmon-red columnar mucosa above the gastroesophageal junction. For its diagnosis, endoscopic suspicion and histological confirmation are required.Objective: To determine the levels of coincidence between the endoscopic diagnoses and the histopathological characteristics of Barrett's oesophagus, from the analysis of a series of cases. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at the "Joaquín Albarrán" Surgical Cli-nical Hospital in Havana, Cuba, between January 2017 and June 2019, obtaining data from biopsy records and medical records. Absolute and relative frequency calculations were performed and, to evaluate the force of coincidence between endoscopy and histology, the Chi-square statistic was used. Results: In the 67 cases with endoscopic diagnosis, the coincidence with histopathology was 44.8%, in the remaining 55.2% of the patients the lesions diagnosed were chronic esophagitis (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Barrett's oesophagus is one of the clinical entities with the epidemiology of high variability, and its endoscopic diagnosis requires histological confirmation since there is a low coincidence between the endoscopic and histopathological diagnosis of EB which is the gold standard for EB diagnosis.

Diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento do esôfago de Barrett: revisão sistemática / Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of barretts esophagus: a systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that raises controversy among general practitioners and specialists, especially regarding its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up protocols. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to present the particularities and to clarify controversies related to the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of BE. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO based on articles published in the last 10 years. PRISMA guidelines were followed and the search was made using MeSH and non-MeSH terms "Barrett" and "diagnosis or treatment or therapy or surveillance". We searched for complete randomized controlled clinical trials or Phase IV studies, carried out with individuals over 18 years old. RESULTS: A total of 42 randomized controlled trials were selected after applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. A growing trend of alternative and safer techniques to traditional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were identified, which could improve the detection of BE and patient acceptance. The use of chromoendoscopy-guided biopsy protocols significantly reduced the number of biopsies required to maintain similar BE detection rates. Furthermore, the value of BE chemoprophylaxis with esomeprazole and acetylsalicylic acid was relevant, as well as the establishment of protocols for the follow-up and endoscopic surveillance of patients with BE based predominantly on the presence and degree of dysplasia, as well as on the length of the follow-up affected by BE. CONCLUSION: Although further studies regarding the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of BE are warranted, in light of the best evidence presented in the last decade, there is a trend towards electronic chromoendoscopy-guided biopsies for the diagnosis of BE, while treatment should encompass endoscopic techniques such as radiofrequency ablation. Risks of ablative endoscopic methods should be weighted against those of resective surgery. It is also important to consider lifetime endoscopic follow-up for both short and long term BE patients, with consideration to limitations imposed by a range of comorbidities. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled trials that have evaluated which is the best recommendation for BE follow-up and endoscopic surveillance (>1 cm) protocols, however, based on current International Guidelines, it is recommended esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) every 5 years in BE without dysplasia with 1 up to 3 cm of extension; every 3 years in BE without dysplasia with >3 up to 10 cm of extension, every 6 to 12 months in BE with low grade dysplasia and, finally, EGD every 3 months after ablative endoscopic therapy in cases of BE with high grade dysplasia.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O esôfago de Barrett (EB) é uma condição que aumenta o risco de ocorrência de displasias e câncer no esôfago, a qual apresenta inúmeras controvérsias entre médicos generalistas e até especialistas, em especial no que tange o seu diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento. OBJETIVO: Tentar esclarecer as controvérsias relacionadas ao estabelecimento do diagnóstico, tratamento, seguimento e vigilância do EB. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado revisão sistemática da literatura fundamentada apenas em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (completos ou em fase IV), em indivíduos maiores que 18 anos, publicados nos últimos 10 anos, por meio de busca, nas bases de dados: PubMed, Cochrane e SciELO (utilizando os termos MeSH e não-MeSH: "Barrett" no título AND diagnosis or treatment or therapy or surveillance" em todos os campos). RESULTADOS: Um total de 42 ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados foram identificados e selecionados após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Evidenciou-se, principalmente, o surgimento de técnicas seguras, alternativas à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) tradicional para aprimorar a detecção do esôfago de Barrett, associadas a boa aceitação por parte dos pacientes, quando realizadas por meio de acesso nasal. Ainda, o uso de protocolo de biópsias guiadas por cromoendoscopia eletrônica favoreceu reduzir significativamente o número de biópsias necessárias para alcançar as melhores taxas de identificação histológica do EB. Ademais, foi evidenciado que o uso de esomeprazol 40 mg 2x/dia associado ao ácido acetil salicílico 300 mg/dia pode ter efeito protetivo em relação ao desenvolvimento de câncer no EB, além de ser identificado protocolos de seguimento e vigilância endoscópica dos pacientes com EB >1 cm fundamentados, especialmente, no grau de displasia e comprimento do EB (EB sem displasia com 1 a 3 cm = EDA a cada 5 anos; EB sem displasia com >3 a 10 cm = EDA a cada 3 anos; EB com displasia de baixo grau = EDA a cada 6 a 12 meses; EB com displasia de alto grau = realização de terapia endoscópica ablativa e EDA a cada 3 meses). CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificado a necessidade do desenvolvimento de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados relacionados ao tema, especialmente no que tange o estabelecimento do seguimento e vigilância do EB, entretanto, na luz das melhores evidências apresentadas na última década, o diagnóstico de EB deve seguir, idealmente, protocolos de biópsias guiadas por cromoendoscopia eletrônica. Ademais, o tratamento deve ser fundamentado primeiramente em técnicas endoscópicas, especialmente aquelas terapias com radiofrequência, e quando associado a displasia de alto grau, deverá ser ponderado quanto aos riscos de se insistir em métodos endoscópicos ablativos ou considerar um tratamento cirúrgico ressectivo. Por fim, reforça-se a necessidade de todo paciente com EB >1 cm permanecer em seguimento endoscópico por toda a sua vida, conforme protocolos pré-estabelecidos, exceto se apresentar comorbidades limitantes que impediriam a realização de alguma conduta mais intervencionista. Infelizmente, não há ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram qual é a melhor recomendação de protocolo para o seguimento endoscópico de EB (>1cm), porém, baseado nas atuais Guidelines Internacionais, é recomendado esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) a cada 5 anos em EB sem displasia com 1 a 3 cm de extensão; a cada 3 anos em EB com displasia com 3 a 10 cm de extensão, a cada 6 a 12 meses em EB com displasia de baixo grau e, finalmente, EGD a cada 3 meses após terapia ablativa endoscópica nos casos de EB com displasia de alto grau.

Esôfago de Barrett: o estado da arte / Barrett's Esophagus: the state of the art

Objetivo: Demonstrar fatores envolvidos nos distúrbios do sono em profissionais que fazem plantões. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi composta de 244 voluntários, plantonistas da área da saúde, sendo 191 do sexo feminino, que responderam a um questionário socioeconômico, associado à aplicação da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e ao Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os dados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Spearman e de Kendall Tau, com distribuição de probabilidade gama. Resultados: Houve significância (p<0,05) com o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e a atividade física (+0,216), ergonomia (+0,148), filhos (-0,146), valor da remuneração (+0,112) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,352). Também houve significância com a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e atividade física (+0,138), renda familiar (-0,118), trabalho semanal (-0,151), latência do sono (-0,106), duração do sono (-0,107), eficiência do sono (-0,139) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,170). Por fim, a eficiência do sono teve significiância com profissão (-0,209), tabagismo (+0,402), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (-0,139) e dissonias com a obesidade (índice de massa corporal >30; razão de chance de 1,40; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,02-1,94). Conclusão: As medidas autorrelatadas são prontamente obtidas com questionários validados, como a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, encontrando-se correlações com renda familiar, ter ou não filhos, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, ergonomia, condições de trabalho, tabagismo e componentes biopsicossociais. Em virtude do caráter transversal deste estudo é indispensável mais estudos com maior follow-up

Objective: To demonstrate factors involved in sleep disorders in professionals who take shifts. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study whose sample consists of 244 volunteers, on-duty health workers, 191 females, who answered a socioeconomic questionnaire, associated with application of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed with Spearman's and Kendall Tau coefficients, and gamma probability distribution. Results: There was significance (p<0,05) with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and physical activity (+0,216), ergonomics (+0,148), children (-0,146), the wage (+0,112), dysfunction during the day (+0,352). Also there was significance with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and physical activity (+0,138), family income (-0,118), weekly workload (-0,151), sleep latency (-0,106), sleep duration (-0,107), sleep efficiency (-0,139), and dysfunction during the day (+0,170). Finally, sleep efficiency was significant with occupation (-0,209), smoking habits (+0,402), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (-0,139), dyssomnia with obesity (body index mass >30; OR of 1,40; CI 95% 1,02-1,94). Conclusion: Self-reported measures are readily obtained with validated questionnaires such as Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with correlations with family income, having children or not, body mass index, physical activity, ergonomics, working conditions, smoking habits, and biopsychosocial components. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, further research with longer follow-up is indispensable

Caracterización demográfica de la población con esófago de Barrett en dos instituciones médicas de Bogotá, Colombia / Demographic characterization of the population with Barretts esophagus in two medical centers of Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: el esófago de Barrett es un trastorno en el que ocurre un cambio del epitelio escamoso estratificado del esófago por uno columnar especializado, lo cual se da como consecuencia del reflujo gastroesofágico crónico. En Colombia no se conoce la prevalencia actual de esta patología, ni se ha caracterizado a la población que la padece. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer cuáles son las características demográficas principales de la población diagnosticada con esófago de Barrett en dos instituciones médicas de Bogotá. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal multicéntrico, en el cual se evaluaron los reportes de endoscopias y de histopatología de 3000 pacientes que asistieron a estas instituciones por cualquier indicación. A partir de estos reportes se tomaron los datos requeridos. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de dichos datos. Resultados: la prevalencia del esófago de Barrett en la muestra es del 0,73 %. Se observó, además, que la correlación endoscópico-patológica es baja (28,5 %). De los casos diagnosticados, el rango de edad más frecuente se ubica entre los 60 y 80 años, con una edad promedio de 65,5 años. Asimismo, existe una predominancia de esta patología en el sexo femenino (63,6 %), en personas con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) >25 kg/m² y en aquellas con antecedentes de tabaquismo, sin historial de consumo de alcohol. En la mayoría de pacientes, se realizó la endoscopia por síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico (50 %). La longitud del segmento observado no fue reportada en una gran cantidad de endoscopias. Conclusiones: en las instituciones analizadas, el esófago de Barrett es una patología de muy baja prevalencia y predominante en mujeres de edad avanzada con síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico, sobrepeso y antecedente de tabaquismo.

Abstract Introduction: Barrett's esophagus occurs when the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus changes to a specialized columnar epithelium as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Its current prevalence in Colombia is unknown and the population suffering from it has not been characterized. The present study aims to determine the main demographic characteristics of the population diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus treated at two medical centers in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the endoscopy and histopathology reports of 3,000 patients who underwent this procedure for any reason. A descriptive statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results: The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the sample was 0.73%. The endoscopic-histology correlation was low (28.5%). Of the diagnosed cases, the most frequent age range was 60-80 years, with an average age of 65.5 years. This condition is predominant in the female sex (63.6%), in people with a BMI over 25 kg/m², with a history of smoking, and no history of alcohol consumption. Most patients underwent endoscopy for symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux (50%). The length of the observed segment was not reported in most endoscopies. Conclusions: In the medical centers included in this study, Barrett's esophagus is a rare pathology, found predominantly in elderly women with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, overweight, and with a history of smoking.

Esôfago de Barrett: concordância diagnóstica entre os achados da endoscopia digestiva alta e a histologia / Barrett's Esophagus: diagnostic agreement between high digestive endoscopy findings and histology

Justificativa: A Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) apresenta alta prevalência na população mundial. Uma de suas complicações, é o esôfago de Barrett (EB), uma alteração histológica pré-maligna do epitélio esofágico. O seu diagnóstico se da através do exame endoscópico e posterior confirmação histopatológica. Objetivo: Estimar a concordância diagnóstica, nos casos suspeitos de EB, entre o exame endoscópico e a análise histológica. Métodos: Foram analisados 151 pacientes, retrospectivamente, com suspeita diagnóstica de EB na endoscopia. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de prontuários eletrônicos, entre Julho de 2013 e Julho de 2014. Os laudos anatomopatológicos foram obtidos através de registros do laboratório Byori. Resultados: Entre os 151 pacientes submetidos a biópsias com suspeita endoscópica de EB, 47 (31,1%) obtiveram confirmação diagnóstica através do exame anatomopatológico. Conclusão: A endoscopia digestiva alta é um bom exame para detecção de metaplasia colunar, entretanto, nos casos de esôfago de Barrett, essa eficácia não se reproduziu.

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) has a high prevalence in the world population. One of its complications is Barrett's esophagus (EB), a premalignant histological alteration of the esophageal epithelium. Its diagnosis is given through endoscopic examination and subsequent histopathological confirmation. Objective: Estimate at diagnostic agreement, we have suspense cases of EB, between endoscopic examination and histological analysis. Method: A total of 151 patients were retrospectively with suspected diagnosis of EB at endoscopy. Data were obtained from electronic medical records between July 2013 and July 2014. Anatomopathological reports were obtained from Byori laboratory records. Results: Among the 151 patients who underwent biopsy with endoscopic suspicion of EB, 47 (31.1%) obtained diagnostic confirmation through pathological examination. Conclusion: Upper digestive endoscopy is a good exam to detect columnar metaplasia, however, in Barrett's esophagus cases, this efficacy has not been reproduced.

Does the nissen fundoplication procedure improve esophageal dysmotility in patients with barrett's esophagus? / A fundoplicatura a nissen melhora a dismotilidade esofágica em pacientes com esôfago de barrett?

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate esophageal dysmotility (ED) and the extent of Barrett's esophagus (BE) before and after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) in patients previously diagnosed with BE and ED. Methods: twenty-two patients with BE diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with biopsies and ED diagnosed by conventional esophageal manometry (CEM) were submitted to a LNF, and followed up with clinical evaluations, upper GI endoscopy with biopsies and CEM, for a minimum of 12 months after the surgical procedure. Results : sixteen patients were male (72.7%) and six were females (27.3%). The mean age was 55.14 (± 15.52) years old. and the mean postoperative follow-up was 26.2 months. The upper GI endoscopy showed that the mean length of BE was 4.09 cm preoperatively and 3.91cm postoperatively (p=0.042). The evaluation of esophageal dysmotility through conventional manometry showed that: the preoperative median of the lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure (LESRP) was 9.15 mmHg and 13.2 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.006). The preoperative median of the esophageal contraction amplitude was 47.85 mmHg, and 57.50 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.408). Preoperative evaluation of esophageal peristalsis showed that 13.6% of the sample presented diffuse esophageal spasm and 9.1% ineffective esophageal motility. In the postoperative, 4.5% of patients had diffuse esophageal spasm, 13.6% of aperistalsis and 22.7% of ineffective motor activity (p=0.133). Conclusion: LNF decreased the BE extension, increased the LES resting pressure, and increased the amplitude of the distal esophageal contraction; however, it was unable to improve ED.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a dismotilidade esofágica (DE) e a extensão do esôfago de Barrett (EB) antes e depois da fundoplicatura laparoscópica a Nissen (FLN) em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com EB e DE. Método: vinte e dois pacientes com EB diagnosticada por endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) com biópsias e DE diagnosticada por manometria esofágica convencional (MEC) foram submetidos a FLN, e acompanhados por avaliações clínicas, endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias e MEC, por no mínimo 12 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: dezesseis pacientes eram do sexo masculino (72,7%) e seis do feminino (27,3%). A média de idade foi de 55,14 (± 15,52) anos e o seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 26,2 meses. A endoscopia digestiva alta mostrou que o comprimento médio do EB foi de 4,09 cm no pré-operatório e 3,91 cm no pós-operatório (p = 0,042). A avaliação da dismotilidade esofágica por meio da manometria convencional mostrou que a mediana pré-operatória da pressão de repouso do esfíncter esofágico inferior (PREEI) foi de 9,15 mmHg, e de 13,2 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,006). A mediana pré-operatória da amplitude de contração esofágica foi de 47,85 mmHg, e de 57,50 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,408). A avaliação pré-operatória do peristaltismo esofágico mostrou que 13,6% da amostra apresentava espasmo esofágico difuso e 9,1%, motilidade esofágica ineficaz. No pós-operatório, 4,5% dos pacientes apresentaram espasmo esofágico difuso, 13,6% de aperistalse e 22,7% de atividade motora ineficaz (p = 0,133). Conclusões: a FLN diminuiu a extensão do EB, aumentou a pressão de repouso do EEI e aumentou a amplitude da contração esofágica distal; no entanto, não foi capaz de melhorar a DE.

Utilização da cromoendoscopia com azul de toluidina mais solução de Lugol para diagnóstico precoce de lesões pré-malignas esofágicas e neoplasias superficiais em pacientes de alto risco / Chromoendoscopy using toluidine blue plus lugol's solution for early diagnosis of esophageal premalignant lesions and superficial neoplasms in high-risk patients

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer. The prognosis is bleak in patients with advanced stages. Patients with early disease have a better prognosis than those with advanced stage. There are several techniques for the screening of premalignant and superficial lesions including chromoendoscopy. OBJECTIVE: This article aimed to determine the effectiveness of chromoendoscopy with toluidine blue combined with Lugol's solution for diagnosis of esophageal premalignant and superficial neoplastic lesions in high risk patients. METHODS: Routine white light upper endoscopy was performed. Toluidine blue was sprayed from the gastroesophageal junction to 20 cm of the dental arch. Then the uptake dye areas were characterized. Later Lugol's solution was sprayed. Areas with less-intense staining were characterized. Biopsy of the toluidine blue capturing areas and areas with less-intense staining of Lugol's solution were taken. In the cases where lesions were not evidenced after application of dyes, biopsies four quadrants of the esophageal mucosa were taken. The samples were evaluated by a digestive pathologist. RESULTS: Barrett's esophagus was the most common premalignant lesion and the early neoplastic lesion was adenocarcinoma with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 85.7%, positive predictive value 30%, negative predictive value 100%, positive likelihood ratio 7 negative likelihood ratio 0. CONCLUSION: Chromoendoscopy with toluidine blue combined with Lugol's solution is a useful tool in the screening of esophageal premalignant lesions and superficial neoplasms.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer de esôfago é o oitavo câncer mais comum. O prognóstico é sombrio em pacientes com estágios avançados. Pacientes com doença precoce têm um melhor prognóstico do que aqueles com estágio avançado. Existem várias técnicas para a triagem de lesões pré-malignas e superficiais, incluindo cromoendoscopia. OBJETIVO: Este artigo objetivou determinar a efetividade da cromoendoscopia com azul de toluidina combinada com a solução de Lugol para o diagnóstico de lesões neoplásicas pré-malignas e superficiais esofágicas em pacientes de alto risco. MÉTODOS - A endoscopia de luz branca de rotina foi realizada de forma rotineira. O azul do toluidina foi pulverizado desde a junção gastroesofágica até 20 cm da arcada dentária. As áreas impregnadas pela tintura da tomada foram então caracterizadas. Mais adiante a solução de Lugol foi pulverizada. Áreas com coloração menos intensa foram caracterizadas. Foram realizadas biópsias das áreas de captura de azul de toluidina e áreas com coloração menos intensa da solução de Lugol. Nos casos onde as lesões não foram evidenciadas após a aplicação das tinturas, foram feitas biópsias em quatro quadrantes da mucosa esofágica. As amostras foram avaliadas por um patologista especializado. RESULTADOS: O esôfago de Barrett foi a lesão pré-maligna mais frequente e a lesão neoplásica precoce foi adenocarcinoma com sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 85,7%, valor preditivo positivo de 30%, valor preditivo negativo 100%, razão de verossimilhança positiva 7 e razão de verossimilhança negativa 0. CONCLUSÃO: A cromoendoscopia com azul de toluidina combinada com a solução de Lugol é uma ferramenta útil na triagem de lesões pré-malignas esofágicas e neoplasias superficiais.

Failure after fundoplication: re-fundoplication? is there a room for gastrectomy? in which clinical scenaries? / Falha após fundoplicatura: re-fundoplicatura? existe oportunidade para gastrectomia? em quais cenários clínicos?

ABSTRACT Background: Re-fundoplication is the most often procedure performed after failed fundoplication, but re-failure is even higher. Aim: The objectives are: a) to discuss the results of fundoplication and re-fundoplication in these cases, and b) to analyze in which clinical situation there is a room for gastrectomy after failed fundoplication. Method: This experience includes 104 patients submitted to re-fundoplication after failure of the initial operation, 50 cases of long segment Barrett´s esophagus and 60 patients with morbid obesity, comparing the postoperative outcome in terms of clinical, endoscopic, manometric and 24h pH monitoring results. Results: In patients with failure after initial fundoplication, redo-fundoplication shows the worst clinical results (symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis, manometry and 24 h pH monitoring). In patients with long segment Barrett´s esophagus, better results were observed after fundoplication plus Roux-en-Y distal gastrectomy and in obese patients similar results regarding symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis and 24h pH monitoring were observed after both fundoplication plus distal gastrectomy or laparoscopic resectional gastric bypass, while regarding manometry, normal LES pressure was observed only after fundoplication plus distal gastrectomy. Conclusion: Distal gastrectomy is recommended for patients with failure after initial fundoplication, patients with long segment Barrett´s esophagus and obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett´s esophagus. Despite its higher morbidity, this procedure represents an important addition to the surgical armamentarium.

RESUMO Racional: Re-fundoplicatura é o procedimento mais frequentemente realizado após falha na fundoplicatura, mas neste caso a falha é ainda maior. Objetivo: a) discutir os resultados da fundoplicatura e re-fundoplicatura nesses casos; e b) analisar em que situação clínica há espaço para gastrectomia após falha na fundoplicatura. Método: Esta experiência inclui 104 pacientes submetidos à re-fundoplicatura após falha da operação inicial, sendo 50 casos de esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo e 60 pacientes com obesidade mórbida, comparando-se o resultado pós-operatório em termos de pH clínico, endoscópico, manométrico de 24 h de monitoramento. Resultados: Em pacientes com falha após a fundoplicatura inicial, a re-fundoplicatura mostra os piores resultados clínicos (sintomas, esofagite endoscópica, manometria e pHmetria 24 h). Em pacientes com esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo, melhores resultados foram observados após fundoplicatura com gastrectomia distal em Y-de-Roux e em pacientes obesos resultados semelhantes em relação aos sintomas, esofagite endoscópica e monitoramento de pH 24 h foram observados após fundoplicatura com gastrectomia distal ou ressecção com bypass gástrico laparoscópico, enquanto que em relação à manometria, a pressão normal do EEI só foi observada após a fundoplicatura e gastrectomia distal. Conclusão: A gastrectomia distal é recomendada para pacientes com falha após a fundoplicatura inicial, pacientes com esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo e obesos com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e esôfago de Barrett. Apesar de sua maior morbidade, esse procedimento representa um importante acréscimo ao arsenal cirúrgico.

Is there a relation between helybacter pylori and intestinal metaplasia in short column epitelization up to 10 mm in the distal esophagus? / Existe relação entre o helicobacter pylori e metaplasia intestinal nas epitelizações colunares curtas até 10 mm no esôfago distal?

ABSTRAT Background: The presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) is an important precursor of adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of the risk factors and the process by which the Barrett develops is very important and Helicobacter pylori (HP) can contribute to this development. Aim: To analyze the impact of HP in the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus in areas of columnar epithelialization smaller than 10 mm in length and epidemiological data on prevalence Method: A retrospective study in which were included 373 consecutive patients diagnosed with columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus was done. In all, HP was investigated by urease and histology, exclusion and inclusion factors were applied and patients were divided into two groups: the first grouping the ones without histological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (235-63%) and the second with it (138-37%). Results: There was no significant difference between HP and non-HP patients in relation to the probability of having intestinal metaplasia (p=0.587). When related to the general group, there was an inverse association between the bacterium and the columnar epithelia in the distal esophagus. Age (p=0.031), gender (p=0.013) and HP (p=0.613) when related together to intestinal metaplasia showed no significant relation. In isolation, when related to age and gender, regardless of HP, results confirmed that patients in more advanced age and women present a higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: There is an inverse relation between HP and the areas of columnar epithelization in the distal esophagus, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Age and gender, regardless of HP, showed higher prevalence in women and in older the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

RESUMO Racional: A presença de metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal (esôfago de Barrett) é importante doença precursora do adenocarcinoma. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco e o processo pelo qual ela se desenvolve é importante e o Helicobacter pylori (HP) pode contribuir para esse desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do HP na mucosa gástrica sobre a metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal em áreas de epitelização colunar menores que 10 mm de extensão e dados epidemiológicos de prevalência. Método: Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de 373 pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de epitélio colunar no esôfago distal. Em todos foi pesquisado o HP pela urease e histologia, aplicados os fatores de exclusão e inclusão e divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro agregando os pacientes sem diagnóstico histológico de esôfago de Barrett (235-63%) e o segundo com ele (138-37%). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os portadores ou não do HP em relação à probabilidade de ter metaplasia intestinal (p=0,587). Quando relacionado ao grupo geral, houve associação inversa entre a bactéria e a epitelização colunar em esôfago distal. A idade (p=0,031), gênero (p=0,013) e HP (p=0,613) quando relacionados juntos à metaplasia intestinal não mostraram relação significativa. Isoladamente, quando relacionados idade e gênero, independente do HP, surgiram resultados confirmando que pacientes de idade mais avançada e mulheres apresentam maior incidência de metaplasia intestinal. Conclusão: Existe relação inversa entre HP e as áreas de epitelização colunar em esôfago distal, independente da presença ou não de metaplasia intestinal. Já em relação à idade e gênero, independente do HP, notou-se que em mulheres e com maior a idade há aumento no número de casos com metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal.

Screening for Barrett's Esophagus: Balancing Clinical Value and Cost-effectiveness

In predisposed individuals with long standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophageal squamous mucosa can transform into columnar mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, commonly called Barrett's esophagus (BE). Barrett's mucosa can develop dysplasia, which can be a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). However, most EAC cases are identified when esophageal symptoms develop, without prior BE or GERD diagnoses. While several gastrointestinal societies have published BE screening guidelines, these vary, and many recommendations are not based on high quality evidence. These guidelines are concordant in recommending targeted screening of predisposed individuals (eg, long standing GERD symptoms with age > 50 years, male sex, Caucasian race, obesity, and family history of BE or EAC), and against population based screening, or screening of GERD patients without risk factors. Targeted endoscopic screening programs provide earlier diagnosis of high grade dysplasia and EAC, and offer potential for endoscopic therapy, which can improve prognosis and outcome. On the other hand, endoscopic screening of the general population, unselected GERD patients, patients with significant comorbidities or patients with limited life expectancy is not cost-effective. New screening modalities, some of which do not require endoscopy, have the potential to reduce costs and expand access to screening for BE.

Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's Esophagus, Dysplasia and Early Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Focusing on American and European Guidelines / 대한소화기학회지

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is one of the most prominent diseases in Western countries because of its potential to progress to dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Recently, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), American Gastroenterology Association (AGA), and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) developed clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of BE. All three guidelines commonly stressed the necessity of the endoscopic eradication of confirmed, nonnodular low grade dysplasia or high grade dysplasia, as well as the endoscopic elimination of the remaining BE after an endoscopic resection of visible mucosal abnormalities. An endoscopic resection is also considered for the optimal management of esophageal adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa (T1a), and even in selective cases of submucosal invasion (T1b). As endoscopic therapy becomes the mainstay for the treatment of BE and its complications, the eligibility of pathologic or endoscopic experts and the BE expert center are being set and strengthened. This paper introduces the statements of the ACG, AGA and ESGE guidelines and compares the similarities and differences between them.

Buried Barrett's Esophagus with High-Grade Dysplasia after Radiofrequency Ablation

Radiofrequency ablation therapy is an effective endoscopic option for the eradication of Barrett's esophagus that appears to reduce the risk of esophageal cancer. A concern associated with this technique is the development of subsquamous/buried intestinal metaplasia, whose clinical relevance and malignant potential have not yet been fully elucidated. Fewer than 20 cases of subsquamous neoplasia after the successful radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus have been reported to date. Here, we describe a new case of subsquamous neoplasia (high-grade dysplasia) following radiofrequency ablation that was managed with endoscopic resection. Our experience suggests that a meticulous endoscopic inspection prior to and after radiofrequency ablation is fundamental to reduce the risk of buried neoplasia development.

The Role of Gut Microbiota and Use of Probiotics in the Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases

Gut microbiota have been known to play an essential role in host immunity and metabolism. Dysbiosis is associated with various gastrointestinal (GI) and other diseases such as cancers, metabolic diseases, allergies, and immunological disorders. So far, the role of gut microbiota has been studied mainly in lower GI disease but has recently been reported in upper GI diseases other than Helicobacter pylori infection, including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal carcinoma, gastric cancer, functional dyspepsia, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal mucosal injury. Probiotics have some beneficial effect on these diseases, but the effects are strain specific.

Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's Esophagus, Dysplasia and Early Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Focusing on American and European Guidelines / 대한소화기병학회잡지

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is one of the most prominent diseases in Western countries because of its potential to progress to dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Recently, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), American Gastroenterology Association (AGA), and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) developed clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of BE. All three guidelines commonly stressed the necessity of the endoscopic eradication of confirmed, nonnodular low grade dysplasia or high grade dysplasia, as well as the endoscopic elimination of the remaining BE after an endoscopic resection of visible mucosal abnormalities. An endoscopic resection is also considered for the optimal management of esophageal adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa (T1a), and even in selective cases of submucosal invasion (T1b). As endoscopic therapy becomes the mainstay for the treatment of BE and its complications, the eligibility of pathologic or endoscopic experts and the BE expert center are being set and strengthened. This paper introduces the statements of the ACG, AGA and ESGE guidelines and compares the similarities and differences between them.

Consecuencias clínicas posgastrectomía vertical tubular: enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico / Clinical consequences post tubular vertical gastrectomy: gastroesophageal reflux disease

Varias publicaciones informan un aumento en la tasa de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) después de la gastrectomía vertical tubular (GVT) o en manga a pesar que no existe aún consenso al respecto. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar nuestra propia experiencia y de la literatura respecto a los aspectos clínicos de la enfermedad por ERGE después de la gastrectomía vertical tubular. Del análisis de nuestros resultados y de los datos de la literatura, los estudios que evalúan la prevalencia de la enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico posoperatorio muestran que la GVT puede provocar síntomas de ERGE de novo o empeoramiento de la ERGE preexistente.

Several publications report an increase in the rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after surgery, although there is still no consensus on this. The aim of this article is to show our own experience and literature regarding the clinical aspects of GERD disease after tubular vertical gastrectomy. From the analysis of our results and data from the literature, studies evaluating the prevalence of postoperative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease show that GVT can cause symptoms of de novo GERD or worsening of pre-existing GERD.

Current and Future Use of Esophageal Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy can be a diagnostic option for patients with esophageal diseases who cannot tolerate esophagogastroduodenoscopy.Functional modifications of the capsule allow for thorough examination of the esophagus. Esophageal capsule endoscopy has so farfailed to show sufficient performance to justify the replacement of traditional endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal diseasesbecause the esophagus has a short transit time and common pathologies appear near the esophagogastric junction. However,technological improvements are being introduced to overcome the limitations of capsule endoscopy, which is expected to become agood alternative to conventional endoscopy.

Quality Indicators in Barrett's Esophagus: Time to Change the Status Quo

The push for high quality care in all fields of medicine highlights the importance of establishing and adhering to quality indicators. In response, several gastrointestinal societies have established quality indicators specific to Barrett's esophagus, which serve to create thresholds for performance while standardizing practice and guiding value-based care. Recent studies, however, have consistently demonstrated the lack of adherence to these quality indicators, particularly in surveillance (appropriate utilization of endoscopy and obtaining biopsies using the Seattle protocol) and endoscopic eradication therapy practices. These findings suggest that innovative interventions are needed to address these shortcomings in order to deliver high quality care to patients with Barrett's esophagus.